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Finland police investigate undersea gas pipeline leak as possible sabotage_我的网站

一 |      8 月 25 日消息，传闻如今得到了证实。SpaceX 计划在其巨型下一代火箭“星舰”（Starship）开始定期执行运营任务后，逐步退役目前公司的主力火箭“猎鹰 9”（Falcon 9）。SpaceX 于 2010 年首次发射猎鹰 9，此后这款火箭很快在航天史上留下了浓墨重彩的一笔。迄今为止，猎鹰 9 已经发射近 700 次，并成为人类历史上首款能够让轨道级火箭一级助推器着陆并重复使用的火箭。自 1957 年开始服役的俄罗斯联盟号火箭，是目前执行任务次数唯一超过猎鹰 9 的运载火箭，不过猎鹰 9 有望在明年超过它。然而，SpaceX 创始人兼 CEO 埃隆 · 马斯克 8 月 22 日在 X 上表示，逐步结束“猎鹰”系列火箭的生产和使用是不可避免的。这不仅包括猎鹰 9，还包括采用三级助推器设计的猎鹰重型火箭，后者迄今已经执行过 12 次发射任务。马斯克表示：“一旦星舰能够实现每周数次的稳定飞行，将 SpaceX 极为稀缺的工程和生产资源转移至星舰以将发射频率提升至每日数次便具有合理性，这意味着猎鹰系列的逐步停产。    HELSINKI -- Finnish police said Wednesday they have launched a criminal investigation into possible sabotage of an undersea gas pipeline between Finland and Estonia that was shut down over the weekend following a leak.Finland’s National Bureau of Investigation, or NBI, says it has started gathering evidence at the location of the leak, which was detected in Finland's economic zone Sunday on the Balticconector pipeline connecting the two NATO allies. A telecommunications cable also was damaged.The purpose of the probe is to establish whether the Balticconector pipeline was damaged intentionally or by accident and by whom. Finnish authorities have already ruled out an operational mishap, saying the damage resulted from “external activity.”Noting that the analysis was still in an early stage, NBI said “traces have been detected in the seabed” near the leak but didn’t give details.Outside analysts have speculated on everything from a ship’s anchor hitting the pipeline to an explosion as possible causes. Investigators told reporters on Wednesday that an explosion appeared unlikely.“The damage appears to have been caused by mechanical force, not an explosion,” NBI chief inspector Risto Lohi was quoted as saying by Finnish public broadcaster YLE. “At the moment we are determining what happened and (who) may have been involved. Considering the situation, we will not speculate, but work to find facts, analyze them and then draw conclusions about what caused the damage.”The 77-kilometer-long (48-mile-long) Balticconnector pipeline runs across the Gulf of Finland from the Finnish city of Inkoo to the Estonian port of Paldiski. It is bi-directional, transferring natural gas between Finland and Estonia depending on demand and supply. The 300 million euro ($318 million) pipeline, largely financed by the European Union, started commercial operations at the beginning of 2020. It was shut down on Sunday after operators noticed a drop in pressure in the pipeline.The incident comes just over a year after the Nord Stream gas pipelines running between Germany and Russia in the Baltic Sea were damaged by explosions believed to be sabotage. The case remains unsolved.In Brussels, NATO Secretary-General Jens Stoltenberg said he had discussed the latest incident with Finnish President Sauli Niinistö and Estonian Prime Minister Kaja Kallas.“If it is proven to be a deliberate attack on NATO critical infrastructure, then this will be of course serious, but it will also be met by a united and determined response from NATO,” Stoltenberg said.On Tuesday, Finnish officials did not comment on whether they suspected Russian involvement.Kremlin spokesman Dmitry Peskov called the incident “alarming news.”“We know that there have been dangerous precedents of terror attacks against critical infrastructure in the Baltics, I mean the attacks against Nord Stream pipelines,” Peskov said in a conference call with reporters on Wednesday. “We are looking forward to more detailed information.”Finnish gas transmission system operator Gasgrid Finland estimated that the repair work would take at least five months. The company said a liquified natural gas terminal in Inkoo has the capacity to deliver the gas Finland needs.Europe saw natural gas prices hit record highs last year after Russia’s cutoff of most gas supplies during the war in Ukraine. Many European countries have turned to other alternatives including LNG since then to meet their energy needs. Europe currently has filled 97% of its gas storage capacity for the winter, but security of supply depends on deliveries of pipeline gas and LNG.。”猎鹰 9 退出商业发射市场后会产生多大影响，目前还很难判断。不过，行业报告显示，SpaceX 可能从 2028 年开始取消绝大多数猎鹰 9 发射任务，只保留少量任务。这些任务很可能包括为 NASA 执行国际空间站（ISS）的载人和补给任务。

二 | 国际空间站预计至少运行至 2030 年，这意味着商业客户届时可能不得不开始依赖星舰将卫星送入太空。SpaceX 何时开始逐步退出猎鹰 9，将取决于星舰后续的研发进展。与上一代火箭不同，星舰从一开始就按照完全可重复使用的目标设计，其“超级重型”（Super Heavy）助推器和“星舰”上面级都能够返回地球并回收后再次执行飞行任务。而猎鹰 9 和猎鹰重型的上面级则属于一次性使用部件。星舰的体型也远大于猎鹰 9。目前的第三代（V3）星舰高达 408 英尺，也就是 124.4 米，而猎鹰 9 的高度为 230 英尺，即 70 米。

三 | 星舰能够将重量大得多的有效载荷送入太空，预计可以向近地轨道（LEO）运送超过 100 吨载荷。相比之下，猎鹰 9 和猎鹰重型向近地轨道运送的载荷能力分别约为 25 吨和 63 吨。过去几年，猎鹰 9 的绝大多数发射任务都用于部署 SpaceX 的 Starlink 卫星互联网系统。自 2023 年以来，猎鹰 9 已执行超过 300 次 Starlink 发射任务，帮助不断扩大的星座规模达到 1.1 万多颗卫星。不过，新一代 Starlink 卫星的体积更大，设计目标是装入星舰的有效载荷舱，而不是安装在猎鹰 9 顶部。一旦星舰能够稳定执行发射任务，甚至在此之前，SpaceX 就计划开始利用新版本卫星升级 Starlink 网络。这很可能会推动星舰发射次数呈指数级增长。

四 | 猎鹰 9 当年就经历过类似的发展过程。2019 年，也就是 SpaceX 开始组建 Starlink 星座的那一年，猎鹰 9 仅发射了 11 次。到了 2025 年，猎鹰 9 的发射次数已经达到惊人的 165 次，其中 122 次用于部署 Starlink 卫星。注意到，NASA 也已经与 SpaceX 签订合同，让后者为 Artemis 计划研发用于登月的星舰版本。

五 | 第三代星舰计划在明年执行 Artemis III 任务，并与 NASA 的“猎户座”飞船在近地轨道进行对接操作演练。按照计划，星舰还将在 2028 年执行 Artemis IV 任务，将宇航员送上月球表面。据 Ars Technica 报道，SpaceX 已经告知 NASA，计划在同一年结束商业猎鹰 9 发射任务。不过，目前星舰还没有获得用于与国际空间站对接的合同，也没有针对这一用途进行专门设计。NASA 目前计划继续采购 SpaceX 的货运飞船和载人龙飞船任务，至少到 2030 年前持续向国际空间站运送宇航员和物资，因此很难在短期内将这些任务全部转交给星舰。除了成本和合同方面的因素之外，星舰本身巨大的体型也会带来相当大的工程风险，可能超出国际空间站现有的安全设计范围。无论国际空间站最终运行到什么时候，SpaceX 能否按计划让猎鹰 9 逐步退出舞台，最终还是取决于星舰能否取得成功。截至目前，星舰已经完成 13 次亚轨道测试飞行。下一次飞行预计将在未来一个月内进行，并有可能首次尝试完整进入轨道。但这只是星舰在真正实现马斯克所说的“每周可靠地飞行数次”之前必须完成的众多里程碑之一。猎鹰 9 已经实现了这样的高频发射能力，但星舰基础设施的建设规模要远远超过目前这十几次成功试飞本身。最终，SpaceX 能多快让星舰达到猎鹰 9 的可靠性和发射频率，将决定这款服役多年的老牌火箭何时能够大规模退出历史舞台。

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